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医生如何评估你的心血管风险

已审核发布 / Reviewed & published · 裁定 approved
Cardiovascular risk assessment审核 medical-reviewer· 2026-07-04· 引用核验 2026-07-04

为什么医生要先“算风险”,而不是只看一个数

面对动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASCVD动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病 · Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASCVD/ˌæθəroʊskləˈrɒtɪk ˌkɑːrdioʊˈvæskjələr/由动脉粥样硬化引起的一类疾病的总称,包括冠心病、缺血性卒中、外周动脉疾病等。An umbrella term for diseases caused by atherosclerosis, including coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease.)—— 也就是由动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosisAtherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化 · Atherosclerosis/ˌæθəroʊskləˈroʊsɪs/含胆固醇的脂质与炎症细胞在动脉内膜沉积、逐渐形成斑块使管腔狭窄、血管壁变硬的慢性过程。A chronic process in which cholesterol-rich lipids and inflammatory cells accumulate in the arterial intima, gradually forming plaques that narrow the lumen and stiffen the vessel wall.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsathero-粥样、脂糊状(指斑块柔软的脂质核) · gruel/porridge (the soft fatty core)希腊语 athērē 粥/糊scler(o)-硬化、变硬 · hardening希腊语 sklēros 硬-osis(病理性)状态、过程 · abnormal condition/process希腊语 -ōsis)引起的一类疾病——医生并不会 对每个人采取一样强度的干预。指南的核心逻辑是:一个人接受预防的力度应当与他的总体心血管风险相匹配, 风险越高,干预就应越积极[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

这就是为什么,医生往往不是单看你某一个化验数字(比如一个 LDL 值),而是先把你的年龄、性别、血压、 吸烟、血脂等信息综合起来,估算一个整体风险,再决定下一步。

什么是“风险分层”

把人群按估算出的总体风险高低分成几个等级,就叫风险分层risk stratificationRisk stratification风险分层 · Risk stratification/rɪsk ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/把人群按估算出的总体心血管风险高低分成若干等级(如低危、中危、高危、极高危)的过程;不同层级对应不同的管理目标与干预强度。The process of sorting people into levels according to their estimated total cardiovascular risk (e.g. low, moderate, high, very-high); each level guides different management goals and treatment intensity.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsrisk风险 · riskstrat-层、分层 · layer拉丁语 stratum 铺层-ification使成为…的过程 · process of making into拉丁语 -ificatio)。 欧洲指南(ESC/EAS)把总体心血管风险分为极高危、高危、中危、低危四个层级。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》同样采用低危、中危、高危等分层,并在此基础上进一步细分出“超高危”“极高危” 等类别。[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

分层的意义在于:不同层级对应不同的管理目标与随访强度。具体每一层对应的 LDL-C 目标值不在本课展开, 将在后续“血脂目标值”一章详细比较。

心血管风险四级分层阶梯,以及风险增强因素如何把人上调一层

图 · 欧洲指南把总体心血管风险分为低危、中危、高危、极高危四层;风险增强因素(如高 Lp(a))可在基础评分之上把人上调一层。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

常用的风险评估工具:估算“十年风险”

大多数评估工具估算的是十年风险10-year risk10-year risk十年风险 · 10-year risk/tɛn jɪər rɪsk/风险评估工具最常输出的指标:估算一个人在未来十年内发生某类心血管事件(如首次致死性动脉粥样硬化事件)的概率,用于风险分层。The metric most risk tools output: the estimated probability that a person will experience a given cardiovascular event (e.g. a first fatal atherosclerotic event) over the next ten years, used for risk stratification.🧩 词根拆解 / word roots10-year十年(的) · ten-yearrisk风险 · risk),也就是未来十年内发生 某类心血管事件的概率。欧洲指南推荐使用 SCORE 系统,来估算一个人未来十年内首次发生致死性动脉粥样 硬化事件的累积风险。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 中国指南则建议使用基于中国人群长期队列建立的风险评估流程 (以及配套的数字化风险评估工具)来估算风险,因为不同人群的基线风险不同,直接套用外国模型并不合适。[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

换句话说,风险评估工具就像一张“综合评分表”:把多个危险因素放在一起打分,输出一个可比较的概率。

有些人不用算,就已经是高危

并非所有人都需要用工具打分。欧洲指南指出,已经确诊 ASCVD、或患有 1 型/2 型糖尿病等情况的人, 通常本身就属于高危或极高危,无需再用评分系统评估。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 对这些人,重点直接落在 积极管理上,而不是先纠结于算出一个百分比。

什么是“风险增强因素”

标准评分表并没有覆盖所有信息。有些额外指标会在基础评分之上,把一个人的风险向上调整, 这类指标被称为风险增强因素risk-enhancing factorRisk-enhancing factor风险增强因素 · Risk-enhancing factor/rɪsk ɪnˈhɑːnsɪŋ ˈfæktər/标准风险评分未充分覆盖、但会在基础评分之上把一个人的估算风险向上调整的额外指标(如脂蛋白(a)、载脂蛋白B 等);常用于把处于边缘或中危的人重新归入更高层级。An additional marker not fully captured by the standard risk score that, on top of the base estimate, pushes a person's estimated risk upward (e.g. lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B); often used to reclassify borderline or intermediate individuals into a higher category.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsrisk风险 · riskenhanc-增强、提高 · to increase/strengthen古法语 enhaucier 抬高-ing…的(分词/形容词后缀) · participle/adjective suffixfactor因素 · factor拉丁语 factor 做事者)。 《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》列出了一份风险增强因素清单,用于把处于边缘或中危的人向更高层级调整, 其中就包括一些血清生物标志物。[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 欧洲指南也提到,载脂蛋白B、脂蛋白(a)、甘油三酯 等因素有助于改善风险分类[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

打个比方:基础评分像天气预报给出的“降雨概率”,而风险增强因素像预报里没算进去的额外线索(比如你家在低洼地带)—— 它会让你把带伞的决定往前调。

Lp(a) 如何上调你的分层

脂蛋白(a)(lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)脂蛋白(a) · Lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)/ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn eɪ/一种低密度脂蛋白(LDL)样颗粒,额外通过二硫键连接一个 apolipoprotein(a) 蛋白;血浆水平主要由遗传决定,一生中相对稳定。An LDL-like particle that additionally carries one apolipoprotein(a) molecule bound by a disulfide bond; plasma level is largely genetically determined and stable through life.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要(a)载脂蛋白(a) 亚型标记 · the apo(a) variant由 LPA 基因编码,常缩写 Lp(a))正是一个典型的风险增强因素。 《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》把 Lp(a) ≥ 500 mg/L(即 ≥50 mg/dL)列为 ASCVD 的风险增强因素之一。[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 欧洲指南进一步指出,极高的 Lp(a) 水平本身就足以让一个人被归入高危或极高危,而不必再依赖评分。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

这背后的证据很硬:欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(EAS)2022 年共识指出,把 Lp(a) 纳入总体风险评估可以改善风险分层, 尤其对 Lp(a) 极高的人;一个约 100 mg/dL(约 250 nmol/L)的 Lp(a) 水平,大致会使 ASCVD 风险翻倍, 且这一效应与基线绝对风险高低无关。[3]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361极高的 Lp(a)(>180 mg/dL 或 >430 nmol/L) 所带来的终生 ASCVD 风险,相当于未经治疗的杂合子型家族性高胆固醇血症。[3]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

值得强调的是,这份风险是独立于低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL低密度脂蛋白 · Low-density lipoproteinLDL/ˌloʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/运输胆固醇进入外周组织的脂蛋白颗粒;其携带的胆固醇称 LDL-C,是动脉粥样硬化的核心致病因素,俗称“坏胆固醇”。The lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues; its cholesterol cargo (LDL-C) is a central causal driver of atherosclerosis, popularly called 'bad cholesterol'.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslow-density低密度 · low densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要)胆固醇的: 即使 LDL 胆固醇很低,升高的 Lp(a) 仍然是一个风险因素。[3]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 这正是为什么,一次 Lp(a) 检测可能会实实在在地改变医生对你的风险判断,进而影响后续管理力度。

小结:风险评估是一整套逻辑,不是单个数字

  • 医生先估算你的总体心血管风险,风险越高、干预越积极。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
  • 通过风险分层把人分为低/中/高/极高危等层级。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • 常用工具估算十年风险(如欧洲 SCORE、中国人群队列工具)。[1]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • 风险增强因素(如 Lp(a))会在基础评分之上把你的分层往上调。[2]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934[3]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

具体的风险百分比切点、以及每一层对应的 LDL-C 目标值,请以你所在地区指南与主治医生的判断为准, 并见后续“血脂目标值”一章。

⚕️ 本内容仅供健康科普与学习,不能替代专业医疗建议、诊断或治疗。

参考文献 / References

  1. Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal (2020) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
  2. Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology (2023) · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  3. Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal (2022) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361