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看懂你的血脂化验单(含单位换算)

已审核发布 / Reviewed & published · 裁定 approved
Reading your lipid panel (with units)审核 medical-reviewer· 2026-07-04· 引用核验 2026-07-04

化验单上都有哪几项

一张常规血脂(blood lipidsLipid (blood lipids)脂质(血脂) · Lipid (blood lipids)/ˈlɪpɪd/血液中脂类物质的统称,涵盖胆固醇、甘油三酯及磷脂等;临床上最重要的两种是胆固醇和甘油三酯。因不溶于水,需借助脂蛋白在血液中运输。A general term for the fatty substances in blood, including cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids; the two clinically most relevant are cholesterol and triglycerides. Being water-insoluble, they must be transported in blood by lipoproteins.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslip-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪-id(化学)某类物质 · a substance of a class (chemistry) 见前课)化验单,通常包含以下几项核心指标。它们的英文简写你在英文报告、指南和与医生沟通时都会用到:

  • 总胆固醇(total cholesterolTC总胆固醇 · Total cholesterolTC/ˈtoʊtəl kəˈlɛstərɒl/血液中所有脂蛋白(LDL、HDL、VLDL、Lp(a) 等)所携带胆固醇的总和,是血脂化验单上的基础指标之一。The sum of the cholesterol carried by all lipoproteins (LDL, HDL, VLDL, Lp(a), etc.) in the blood; one of the basic items on a lipid panel.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootstotal总的、全部的 · the whole/sum拉丁语 totus 全部chole-胆汁 · bile希腊语 kholē 胆汁stere(o)-固体、坚硬 · solid/stiff希腊语 stereos 固体-ol醇(化学后缀) · an alcohol (chemistry),缩写 TC
  • 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL cholesterolLDL低密度脂蛋白 · Low-density lipoproteinLDL/ˌloʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/运输胆固醇进入外周组织的脂蛋白颗粒;其携带的胆固醇称 LDL-C,是动脉粥样硬化的核心致病因素,俗称“坏胆固醇”。The lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues; its cholesterol cargo (LDL-C) is a central causal driver of atherosclerosis, popularly called 'bad cholesterol'.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslow-density低密度 · low densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要 携带的胆固醇,缩写 LDL-C
  • 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL cholesterolHDL高密度脂蛋白 · High-density lipoproteinHDL/ˌhaɪ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/参与胆固醇逆向转运的脂蛋白颗粒,俗称“好胆固醇”;但用药物单纯升高 HDL-C 并未被证明能降低心血管风险。The lipoprotein involved in reverse cholesterol transport, popularly called 'good cholesterol'; however, pharmacologically raising HDL-C alone has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootshigh-density高密度 · high densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要 携带的胆固醇,缩写 HDL-C
  • 甘油三酯(triglycerideTG甘油三酯 · TriglycerideTG/traɪˈɡlɪsəraɪd/由一分子甘油与三分子脂肪酸结合成的脂质,是人体主要的储能脂质,也是两大血脂之一;在血液中主要由乳糜微粒和 VLDL 运输。A lipid formed from one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids; the body's main energy-storage lipid and one of the two principal blood lipids, transported in blood mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootstri- · three希腊语 treis 三glyceride甘油酯(甘油与脂肪酸形成的酯) · an ester of glycerolglycerol 甘油 + -ide,缩写 TG
  • 非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL cholesterolnon-HDL-C非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 · Non-HDL cholesterolnon-HDL-C/nɒn ˌeɪtʃ diː ˈɛl kəˈlɛstərɒl/用总胆固醇减去 HDL 胆固醇算得(非-HDL-C = TC − HDL-C),代表除 HDL 外所有含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白(LDL、VLDL 等)所携带的胆固醇总量。Calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C = TC − HDL-C); it represents the cholesterol carried by all atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.) other than HDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsnon-非、不是 · not拉丁语 non 不HDL高密度脂蛋白 · high-density lipoproteinchole-胆汁 · bile希腊语 kholē 胆汁stere(o)-固体、坚硬 · solid/stiff希腊语 stereos 固体-ol醇(化学后缀) · an alcohol (chemistry),缩写 非-HDL-C

有些报告还会包含载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein BapoB载脂蛋白B · Apolipoprotein BapoB/ˌæpoʊˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn biː/每个致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白颗粒(LDL、VLDL、Lp(a)等)上各携带一个的结构蛋白;apoB 浓度反映致病颗粒总数,是比 LDL-C 更直接的风险指标。The structural protein present as exactly one copy per atherogenic lipoprotein particle (LDL, VLDL, Lp(a), etc.); apoB concentration reflects the total number of atherogenic particles and is a more direct risk marker than LDL-C.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsapo-载(脱辅基蛋白)、来自/衍生 · the protein moiety; from/derived希腊语 apo 离开/由…而来lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · proteinBB 型(区分 apoA、apoE 等) · class B,缩写 apoB)和脂蛋白(a)(lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)脂蛋白(a) · Lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)/ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn eɪ/一种低密度脂蛋白(LDL)样颗粒,额外通过二硫键连接一个 apolipoprotein(a) 蛋白;血浆水平主要由遗传决定,一生中相对稳定。An LDL-like particle that additionally carries one apolipoprotein(a) molecule bound by a disulfide bond; plasma level is largely genetically determined and stable through life.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要(a)载脂蛋白(a) 亚型标记 · the apo(a) variant由 LPA 基因编码,缩写 Lp(a))。

血脂化验单项目与单位换算示意卡

图 · 血脂化验单的常见项目及单位换算:胆固醇类 1 mmol/L ≈ 38.6 mg/dL、甘油三酯 1 mmol/L ≈ 88.5 mg/dL;Lp(a) 常用 nmol/L 报告,无统一换算系数。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

逐项读懂(附中国指南参考标准)

以下参考标准来自《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》。需要强调:这是针对一般人群 / 低危人群的"参考范围",用于判断某项指标是"合适、边缘升高还是升高",并不等于你个人的治疗目标值(见下一节)。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

总胆固醇(TC)——反映血液中所有脂蛋白携带胆固醇的总和。指南给出:低于 5.2 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 5.2 与 6.2 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 6.2 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

LDL 胆固醇(LDL-C)——"坏胆固醇",是动脉粥样硬化最核心的致病指标(见 1002 课)。指南给出:低于 2.6 mmol/L 为理想水平;低于 3.4 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 3.4 与 4.1 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 4.1 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

HDL 胆固醇(HDL-C)——"好胆固醇"。这一项的关注点是过低:低于 1.0 mmol/L 被视为降低。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

甘油三酯(TG)——注意它换算单位与胆固醇不同(见后文)。指南给出:低于 1.7 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 1.7 与 2.3 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 2.3 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

非-HDL 胆固醇(非-HDL-C)——它的计算方法很简单:非-HDL-C = 总胆固醇 − HDL-C[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 它代表了除 HDL 之外、所有含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白(包括 LDL、极低密度脂蛋白 VLDLVLDL极低密度脂蛋白 · Very low-density lipoproteinVLDL/ˌvɛri loʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/由肝脏合成、以甘油三酯为主(TG 约占 50%–65%)的脂蛋白,是含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白之一;在代谢中可进一步转变为 IDL 与 LDL。A liver-synthesised, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TG ~50%–65%); one of the apoB-containing atherogenic lipoproteins, which can be further metabolised into IDL and LDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsvery-low-density极低密度 · very low densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要)等)所携带的胆固醇总量。指南给出:低于 4.1 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 4.1 与 4.9 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 4.9 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

参考范围 ≠ 你的个人目标值

上面这些"合适 / 边缘升高 / 升高"的分界,是面向一般人群的参考标准[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 而一个人应该把 LDL-C 等降到多少,取决于其整体心血管风险分层——风险越高,建议的目标越低。这套按风险分层的目标值将在"指南目标值"章节(3004)系统展开,这里先记住一个原则:参考范围回答"这项是否偏高",个人目标值回答"我该降到多少",两者不是一回事。

单位换算:mg/dL 与 mmol/L

不同国家和实验室使用的单位可能不同:中国报告多用 mmol/L,而很多英文文献与美国报告用 mg/dL。看懂两者的换算,才能把你的数值和英文资料对上号。

对于胆固醇类指标(TC、LDL-C、HDL-C),换算关系为:1.0 mmol/L 约等于 38.6 mg/dL[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 也就是说,把 mg/dL 数值除以约 38.6,就得到 mmol/L。举例:LDL-C 100 mg/dL ÷ 38.6 ≈ 2.6 mmol/L。

对于甘油三酯(TG),因为分子量不同,换算系数也不同:1.0 mmol/L 约等于 88.5 mg/dL[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 也就是把 TG 的 mg/dL 数值除以约 88.5,得到 mmol/L。举例:TG 150 mg/dL ÷ 88.5 ≈ 1.7 mmol/L。

一句话记忆:胆固醇除以约 38.6,甘油三酯除以约 88.5,就能从 mg/dL 换成 mmol/L。

Lp(a) 的特殊单位问题

Lp(a) 是一个例外,它的单位问题需要单独强调。Lp(a) 可以用质量单位(mg/dL 或 mg/L)报告,也可以用摩尔单位(nmol/L,即每升多少纳摩尔颗粒)报告。

关键在于:这两类单位之间没有一个统一、可靠的换算系数。欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(EAS)2022 共识明确不建议使用一个标准系数在 mg/dL 与 nmol/L 之间换算,因为不同检测方法差异很大;并建议尽可能采用摩尔单位(nmol/L)报告。[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》同样指出,Lp(a) 以 nmol/L 或 mg/L 报告,两者不能直接换算[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

其根本原因在于:Lp(a) 颗粒上的 apo(a) 大小因人而异(kringle 重复数不同),基于抗体的检测很难精确对应到"颗粒摩尔数",因此一个"通用系数"必然会在部分人身上产生明显误差。[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 这也是为什么跨医院、跨报告比较 Lp(a) 时,一定要先确认单位与检测方法是否一致,不要简单地把 mg/dL 乘以某个数字当成 nmol/L。[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

关于 Lp(a) 具体的风险分界,《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》以 300 mg/L 作为风险增加的参考阈值。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 更完整的阈值解读与其"越高越危险"的连续关系,已在 1003 课展开,这里不再重复。

小结

看懂化验单分三步:先认清每一项指标(TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、TG、非-HDL-C、Lp(a))代表什么;再对照参考范围判断哪项偏高,但记住参考范围不等于你的个人目标值;最后留意单位——胆固醇除以约 38.6、甘油三酯除以约 88.5 可在 mg/dL 与 mmol/L 间换算,而 Lp(a) 没有通用换算系数、应优先看 nmol/L。

⚕️ 本内容仅供健康科普与学习,不能替代专业医疗建议、诊断或治疗。你的化验单解读与处理,请以主治医生的意见为准。

参考文献 / References

  1. Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology (2023) · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  2. Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal (2022) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361