看懂你的血脂化验单(含单位换算)
化验单上都有哪几项
一张常规血脂(blood lipids,Lipid (blood lipids)脂质(血脂) · Lipid (blood lipids)/ˈlɪpɪd/血液中脂类物质的统称,涵盖胆固醇、甘油三酯及磷脂等;临床上最重要的两种是胆固醇和甘油三酯。因不溶于水,需借助脂蛋白在血液中运输。A general term for the fatty substances in blood, including cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids; the two clinically most relevant are cholesterol and triglycerides. Being water-insoluble, they must be transported in blood by lipoproteins.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslip-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪+-id(化学)某类物质 · a substance of a class (chemistry) 见前课)化验单,通常包含以下几项核心指标。它们的英文简写你在英文报告、指南和与医生沟通时都会用到:
- 总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC总胆固醇 · Total cholesterolTC/ˈtoʊtəl kəˈlɛstərɒl/血液中所有脂蛋白(LDL、HDL、VLDL、Lp(a) 等)所携带胆固醇的总和,是血脂化验单上的基础指标之一。The sum of the cholesterol carried by all lipoproteins (LDL, HDL, VLDL, Lp(a), etc.) in the blood; one of the basic items on a lipid panel.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootstotal总的、全部的 · the whole/sum拉丁语 totus 全部+chole-胆汁 · bile希腊语 kholē 胆汁+stere(o)-固体、坚硬 · solid/stiff希腊语 stereos 固体+-ol醇(化学后缀) · an alcohol (chemistry),缩写 TC)
- 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL cholesterol,LDL低密度脂蛋白 · Low-density lipoproteinLDL/ˌloʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/运输胆固醇进入外周组织的脂蛋白颗粒;其携带的胆固醇称 LDL-C,是动脉粥样硬化的核心致病因素,俗称“坏胆固醇”。The lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues; its cholesterol cargo (LDL-C) is a central causal driver of atherosclerosis, popularly called 'bad cholesterol'.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslow-density低密度 · low density+lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪+protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要 携带的胆固醇,缩写 LDL-C)
- 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL cholesterol,HDL高密度脂蛋白 · High-density lipoproteinHDL/ˌhaɪ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/参与胆固醇逆向转运的脂蛋白颗粒,俗称“好胆固醇”;但用药物单纯升高 HDL-C 并未被证明能降低心血管风险。The lipoprotein involved in reverse cholesterol transport, popularly called 'good cholesterol'; however, pharmacologically raising HDL-C alone has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootshigh-density高密度 · high density+lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪+protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要 携带的胆固醇,缩写 HDL-C)
- 甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG甘油三酯 · TriglycerideTG/traɪˈɡlɪsəraɪd/由一分子甘油与三分子脂肪酸结合成的脂质,是人体主要的储能脂质,也是两大血脂之一;在血液中主要由乳糜微粒和 VLDL 运输。A lipid formed from one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids; the body's main energy-storage lipid and one of the two principal blood lipids, transported in blood mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootstri-三 · three希腊语 treis 三+glyceride甘油酯(甘油与脂肪酸形成的酯) · an ester of glycerolglycerol 甘油 + -ide,缩写 TG)
- 非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL cholesterol,non-HDL-C非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 · Non-HDL cholesterolnon-HDL-C/nɒn ˌeɪtʃ diː ˈɛl kəˈlɛstərɒl/用总胆固醇减去 HDL 胆固醇算得(非-HDL-C = TC − HDL-C),代表除 HDL 外所有含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白(LDL、VLDL 等)所携带的胆固醇总量。Calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C = TC − HDL-C); it represents the cholesterol carried by all atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.) other than HDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsnon-非、不是 · not拉丁语 non 不+HDL高密度脂蛋白 · high-density lipoprotein+chole-胆汁 · bile希腊语 kholē 胆汁+stere(o)-固体、坚硬 · solid/stiff希腊语 stereos 固体+-ol醇(化学后缀) · an alcohol (chemistry),缩写 非-HDL-C)
有些报告还会包含载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B,apoB载脂蛋白B · Apolipoprotein BapoB/ˌæpoʊˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn biː/每个致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白颗粒(LDL、VLDL、Lp(a)等)上各携带一个的结构蛋白;apoB 浓度反映致病颗粒总数,是比 LDL-C 更直接的风险指标。The structural protein present as exactly one copy per atherogenic lipoprotein particle (LDL, VLDL, Lp(a), etc.); apoB concentration reflects the total number of atherogenic particles and is a more direct risk marker than LDL-C.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsapo-载(脱辅基蛋白)、来自/衍生 · the protein moiety; from/derived希腊语 apo 离开/由…而来+lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪+protein蛋白质 · protein+BB 型(区分 apoA、apoE 等) · class B,缩写 apoB)和脂蛋白(a)(lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)脂蛋白(a) · Lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)/ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn eɪ/一种低密度脂蛋白(LDL)样颗粒,额外通过二硫键连接一个 apolipoprotein(a) 蛋白;血浆水平主要由遗传决定,一生中相对稳定。An LDL-like particle that additionally carries one apolipoprotein(a) molecule bound by a disulfide bond; plasma level is largely genetically determined and stable through life.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪+protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要+(a)载脂蛋白(a) 亚型标记 · the apo(a) variant由 LPA 基因编码,缩写 Lp(a))。
图 · 血脂化验单的常见项目及单位换算:胆固醇类 1 mmol/L ≈ 38.6 mg/dL、甘油三酯 1 mmol/L ≈ 88.5 mg/dL;Lp(a) 常用 nmol/L 报告,无统一换算系数。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361
逐项读懂(附中国指南参考标准)
以下参考标准来自《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》。需要强调:这是针对一般人群 / 低危人群的"参考范围",用于判断某项指标是"合适、边缘升高还是升高",并不等于你个人的治疗目标值(见下一节)。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
总胆固醇(TC)——反映血液中所有脂蛋白携带胆固醇的总和。指南给出:低于 5.2 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 5.2 与 6.2 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 6.2 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
LDL 胆固醇(LDL-C)——"坏胆固醇",是动脉粥样硬化最核心的致病指标(见 1002 课)。指南给出:低于 2.6 mmol/L 为理想水平;低于 3.4 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 3.4 与 4.1 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 4.1 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
HDL 胆固醇(HDL-C)——"好胆固醇"。这一项的关注点是过低:低于 1.0 mmol/L 被视为降低。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
甘油三酯(TG)——注意它换算单位与胆固醇不同(见后文)。指南给出:低于 1.7 mmol/L 为合适水平; 介于 1.7 与 2.3 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 2.3 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
非-HDL 胆固醇(非-HDL-C)——它的计算方法很简单:非-HDL-C = 总胆固醇 − HDL-C。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 它代表了除 HDL 之外、所有含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白(包括 LDL、极低密度脂蛋白 VLDL(VLDL极低密度脂蛋白 · Very low-density lipoproteinVLDL/ˌvɛri loʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/由肝脏合成、以甘油三酯为主(TG 约占 50%–65%)的脂蛋白,是含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白之一;在代谢中可进一步转变为 IDL 与 LDL。A liver-synthesised, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TG ~50%–65%); one of the apoB-containing atherogenic lipoproteins, which can be further metabolised into IDL and LDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsvery-low-density极低密度 · very low density+lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪+protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要)等)所携带的胆固醇总量。指南给出:低于 4.1 mmol/L 为合适水平;介于 4.1 与 4.9 mmol/L 之间为边缘升高;达到或超过 4.9 mmol/L 为升高。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
参考范围 ≠ 你的个人目标值
上面这些"合适 / 边缘升高 / 升高"的分界,是面向一般人群的参考标准。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 而一个人应该把 LDL-C 等降到多少,取决于其整体心血管风险分层——风险越高,建议的目标越低。这套按风险分层的目标值将在"指南目标值"章节(3004)系统展开,这里先记住一个原则:参考范围回答"这项是否偏高",个人目标值回答"我该降到多少",两者不是一回事。
单位换算:mg/dL 与 mmol/L
不同国家和实验室使用的单位可能不同:中国报告多用 mmol/L,而很多英文文献与美国报告用 mg/dL。看懂两者的换算,才能把你的数值和英文资料对上号。
对于胆固醇类指标(TC、LDL-C、HDL-C),换算关系为:1.0 mmol/L 约等于 38.6 mg/dL。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 也就是说,把 mg/dL 数值除以约 38.6,就得到 mmol/L。举例:LDL-C 100 mg/dL ÷ 38.6 ≈ 2.6 mmol/L。
对于甘油三酯(TG),因为分子量不同,换算系数也不同:1.0 mmol/L 约等于 88.5 mg/dL。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 也就是把 TG 的 mg/dL 数值除以约 88.5,得到 mmol/L。举例:TG 150 mg/dL ÷ 88.5 ≈ 1.7 mmol/L。
一句话记忆:胆固醇除以约 38.6,甘油三酯除以约 88.5,就能从 mg/dL 换成 mmol/L。
Lp(a) 的特殊单位问题
Lp(a) 是一个例外,它的单位问题需要单独强调。Lp(a) 可以用质量单位(mg/dL 或 mg/L)报告,也可以用摩尔单位(nmol/L,即每升多少纳摩尔颗粒)报告。
关键在于:这两类单位之间没有一个统一、可靠的换算系数。欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(EAS)2022 共识明确不建议使用一个标准系数在 mg/dL 与 nmol/L 之间换算,因为不同检测方法差异很大;并建议尽可能采用摩尔单位(nmol/L)报告。[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》同样指出,Lp(a) 以 nmol/L 或 mg/L 报告,两者不能直接换算。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
其根本原因在于:Lp(a) 颗粒上的 apo(a) 大小因人而异(kringle 重复数不同),基于抗体的检测很难精确对应到"颗粒摩尔数",因此一个"通用系数"必然会在部分人身上产生明显误差。[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 这也是为什么跨医院、跨报告比较 Lp(a) 时,一定要先确认单位与检测方法是否一致,不要简单地把 mg/dL 乘以某个数字当成 nmol/L。[2]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361
关于 Lp(a) 具体的风险分界,《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》以 300 mg/L 作为风险增加的参考阈值。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 更完整的阈值解读与其"越高越危险"的连续关系,已在 1003 课展开,这里不再重复。
小结
看懂化验单分三步:先认清每一项指标(TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、TG、非-HDL-C、Lp(a))代表什么;再对照参考范围判断哪项偏高,但记住参考范围不等于你的个人目标值;最后留意单位——胆固醇除以约 38.6、甘油三酯除以约 88.5 可在 mg/dL 与 mmol/L 间换算,而 Lp(a) 没有通用换算系数、应优先看 nmol/L。
⚕️ 本内容仅供健康科普与学习,不能替代专业医疗建议、诊断或治疗。你的化验单解读与处理,请以主治医生的意见为准。
参考文献 / References
- Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology (2023) · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
- Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal (2022) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361