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血脂与脂蛋白是什么

已审核发布 / Reviewed & published · 裁定 approved
Blood lipids & lipoproteins basics审核 medical-reviewer· 2026-07-04· 引用核验 2026-07-04

先认识“血脂”:血液里的脂类

我们体检报告上常见的“血脂”,指的是血液中的一类脂质(lipid / blood lipidsLipid (blood lipids)脂质(血脂) · Lipid (blood lipids)/ˈlɪpɪd/血液中脂类物质的统称,涵盖胆固醇、甘油三酯及磷脂等;临床上最重要的两种是胆固醇和甘油三酯。因不溶于水,需借助脂蛋白在血液中运输。A general term for the fatty substances in blood, including cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids; the two clinically most relevant are cholesterol and triglycerides. Being water-insoluble, they must be transported in blood by lipoproteins.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslip-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪-id(化学)某类物质 · a substance of a class (chemistry))。 它是一个统称,涵盖胆固醇、甘油三酯和磷脂等,其中临床上最重要的两种就是胆固醇和甘油三酯

[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • 胆固醇(cholesterolCholesterol胆固醇 · Cholesterol/kəˈlɛstərɒl/一种脂质分子,是细胞膜、类固醇激素和胆汁酸的必需成分;因不溶于水,需由脂蛋白在血液中运输。A lipid molecule essential for cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids; being water-insoluble, it must be transported in the blood by lipoproteins.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootschole-胆汁(最早从胆结石中分离) · bile希腊语 kholē 胆汁stere(o)-固体、坚硬 · solid/stiff希腊语 stereos 固体-ol醇(化学后缀,表示这是一种醇) · an alcohol (chemistry))是细胞膜、激素和胆汁酸的必需原料。
  • 甘油三酯(triglycerideTG甘油三酯 · TriglycerideTG/traɪˈɡlɪsəraɪd/由一分子甘油与三分子脂肪酸结合成的脂质,是人体主要的储能脂质,也是两大血脂之一;在血液中主要由乳糜微粒和 VLDL 运输。A lipid formed from one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids; the body's main energy-storage lipid and one of the two principal blood lipids, transported in blood mainly by chylomicrons and VLDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootstri- · three希腊语 treis 三glyceride甘油酯(甘油与脂肪酸形成的酯) · an ester of glycerolglycerol 甘油 + -ide)是人体主要的储能脂质,是身体重要的“燃料库”。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

一个矛盾:脂类不溶于水,血液却是水

这里有一个基础却关键的矛盾:血液的主要成分是水,而脂类不溶于水。 指南明确指出,脂质不溶于水,必须与一种特殊的蛋白质——载脂蛋白(apolipoprotein)结合, 形成脂蛋白lipoproteinLipoprotein脂蛋白 · Lipoprotein/ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/由脂质与载脂蛋白(apolipoprotein)组成的球状颗粒,是脂质在血液中运输的载体;按密度可分为乳糜微粒、VLDL、IDL、LDL、HDL,以及 Lp(a)。A spherical particle made of lipids and apolipoproteins that serves as the vehicle for transporting lipids in blood; classified by density into chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL, and additionally Lp(a).🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要)之后,才能溶入血液、被运输到各组织进行代谢。

[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

打个比方:脂类就像不能直接丢进水里的“货物”,脂蛋白则是把货物包好、能在血液这条“河”里漂浮运输的 快递包裹

脂蛋白颗粒示意图

图 · 脂质不溶于水,需与载脂蛋白结合成脂蛋白,才能溶入血液被运输。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

脂蛋白:怎样给“包裹”分类

血液里的脂蛋白不止一种。指南按密度把它们分为:乳糜微粒(chylomicron, CM)、极低密度脂蛋白 (very low-density lipoproteinVLDL极低密度脂蛋白 · Very low-density lipoproteinVLDL/ˌvɛri loʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/由肝脏合成、以甘油三酯为主(TG 约占 50%–65%)的脂蛋白,是含 apoB 的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白之一;在代谢中可进一步转变为 IDL 与 LDL。A liver-synthesised, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TG ~50%–65%); one of the apoB-containing atherogenic lipoproteins, which can be further metabolised into IDL and LDL.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsvery-low-density极低密度 · very low densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要)、中密度脂蛋白(IDL)、低密度脂蛋白 (low-density lipoproteinLDL低密度脂蛋白 · Low-density lipoproteinLDL/ˌloʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/运输胆固醇进入外周组织的脂蛋白颗粒;其携带的胆固醇称 LDL-C,是动脉粥样硬化的核心致病因素,俗称“坏胆固醇”。The lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues; its cholesterol cargo (LDL-C) is a central causal driver of atherosclerosis, popularly called 'bad cholesterol'.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslow-density低密度 · low densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要)和高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoproteinHDL高密度脂蛋白 · High-density lipoproteinHDL/ˌhaɪ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/参与胆固醇逆向转运的脂蛋白颗粒,俗称“好胆固醇”;但用药物单纯升高 HDL-C 并未被证明能降低心血管风险。The lipoprotein involved in reverse cholesterol transport, popularly called 'good cholesterol'; however, pharmacologically raising HDL-C alone has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootshigh-density高密度 · high densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要);此外还有一类特殊的脂蛋白叫脂蛋白(a)〔Lp(a)〕。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

不同“包裹”装的货物侧重不同:

  • 乳糜微粒是血液中最大、密度最低的脂蛋白,主要成分是甘油三酯;VLDL 由肝脏合成,其甘油三酯含量 约占 50%–65%——所以这两类是富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • LDL 颗粒中约有 50% 是胆固醇,是血液中胆固醇含量最高的脂蛋白,因此被称为富含胆固醇的脂蛋白, 负责把胆固醇运往外周组织。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

换句话说,“胆固醇”和“甘油三酯”是货物,“LDL、VLDL、HDL……”是运货物的不同包裹——报告单上这两组词 描述的其实是不同层面的东西。

这张概念图为什么重要

把这张“货物—包裹”的图建立起来,是理解后续所有脂质话题的地基。原因在于:并不是所有包裹都同样“危险”。

那些携带载脂蛋白Bapolipoprotein BapoB载脂蛋白B · Apolipoprotein BapoB/ˌæpoʊˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn biː/每个致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白颗粒(LDL、VLDL、Lp(a)等)上各携带一个的结构蛋白;apoB 浓度反映致病颗粒总数,是比 LDL-C 更直接的风险指标。The structural protein present as exactly one copy per atherogenic lipoprotein particle (LDL, VLDL, Lp(a), etc.); apoB concentration reflects the total number of atherogenic particles and is a more direct risk marker than LDL-C.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsapo-载(脱辅基蛋白)、来自/衍生 · the protein moiety; from/derived希腊语 apo 离开/由…而来lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · proteinBB 型(区分 apoA、apoE 等) · class B,即 apoB)的脂蛋白——包括 LDL、VLDL、IDL 和 Lp(a)——是与血管病变直接相关的一类。2019 年 ESC/EAS 血脂指南指出:动脉粥样硬化 (atherosclerosisAtherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化 · Atherosclerosis/ˌæθəroʊskləˈroʊsɪs/含胆固醇的脂质与炎症细胞在动脉内膜沉积、逐渐形成斑块使管腔狭窄、血管壁变硬的慢性过程。A chronic process in which cholesterol-rich lipids and inflammatory cells accumulate in the arterial intima, gradually forming plaques that narrow the lumen and stiffen the vessel wall.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsathero-粥样、脂糊状(指斑块柔软的脂质核) · gruel/porridge (the soft fatty core)希腊语 athērē 粥/糊scler(o)-硬化、变硬 · hardening希腊语 sklēros 硬-osis(病理性)状态、过程 · abnormal condition/process希腊语 -ōsis)的关键始动事件,正是 LDL 胆固醇及其他富含胆固醇的 含 apoB 脂蛋白在动脉壁内滞留[2]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

因此,后面的章节会把“坏胆固醇 / 好胆固醇”、apoB、以及各项目标值逐一展开。至于每类脂蛋白具体该控制到 多少、如何解读自己的化验单,属于后续章节的内容,本课先建立整体概念,不展开具体数值。

一页速记

  • 血脂 = 血液中的脂类,核心是胆固醇甘油三酯两种“货物”。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • 脂类不溶于水,需与载脂蛋白结合成脂蛋白才能在血液中运输。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • 脂蛋白按密度分为 CM、VLDL、IDL、LDL、HDL 及 Lp(a);CM/VLDL 富含甘油三酯,LDL 富含胆固醇。[1]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  • 携带 apoB 的脂蛋白(LDL、VLDL、IDL、Lp(a))在动脉壁滞留,是动脉粥样硬化的始动事件——这是后续章节的主线。[2]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

⚕️ 本内容仅供健康科普与学习,不能替代专业医疗建议、诊断或治疗。

参考文献 / References

  1. Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology (2023) · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  2. Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal (2020) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455