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依折麦布、PCSK9 抑制剂与新兴降 Lp(a) 疗法

已审核发布 / Reviewed & published · 裁定 approved
Ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors & emerging Lp(a) therapies审核 medical-reviewer· 2026-07-04· 引用核验 2026-07-04

他汀之外,为什么还需要别的药

在上一课里你已经知道,他汀类药物(statin)是降低 LDL 胆固醇(low-density lipoproteinLDL低密度脂蛋白 · Low-density lipoproteinLDL/ˌloʊ ˈdɛnsɪti ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn/运输胆固醇进入外周组织的脂蛋白颗粒;其携带的胆固醇称 LDL-C,是动脉粥样硬化的核心致病因素,俗称“坏胆固醇”。The lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues; its cholesterol cargo (LDL-C) is a central causal driver of atherosclerosis, popularly called 'bad cholesterol'.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslow-density低密度 · low densitylipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要,即 LDL)、预防动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASCVD动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病 · Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASCVD/ˌæθəroʊskləˈrɒtɪk ˌkɑːrdioʊˈvæskjələr/由动脉粥样硬化引起的一类疾病的总称,包括冠心病、缺血性卒中、外周动脉疾病等。An umbrella term for diseases caused by atherosclerosis, including coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease.)的一线用药。2023 年 AHA/ACC 慢性冠脉疾病指南同样明确: 在冠心病患者中,他汀仍是降脂的首选。[1]Tier 1Virani, Salim S. et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168

但有些人单靠他汀,LDL-C 仍降不到目标;也有人不能耐受他汀。这时就需要"非他汀类"的降脂药来接力。 该指南把依折麦布、PCSK9 抑制剂、inclisiran、bempedoic acid 列为可在特定人群中加用的几种辅助 药物。[1]Tier 1Virani, Salim S. et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168 下面逐一认识它们——同时要特别说清楚:这些都主要是降 LDL 的药, 而不是"降 Lp(a) 的药";针对脂蛋白(a) 的专门疗法是另一回事,放在本课后半段讲。

依折麦布:让肠道少吸收一点胆固醇

依折麦布(ezetimibeEzetimibe依折麦布 · Ezetimibe/ɛˈzɛtɪmaɪb/一种口服降脂药,通过抑制小肠对胆固醇的吸收(作用于 NPC1L1 转运蛋白)来降低血中 LDL 胆固醇;常与他汀联用,作为 LDL-C 未达标时的第一步加药。An oral lipid-lowering drug that reduces blood LDL cholesterol by inhibiting intestinal absorption of cholesterol (acting on the NPC1L1 transporter); commonly combined with a statin as the first add-on when LDL-C is not at goal.)是一种口服药。它的机制很直观:抑制小肠对胆固醇 (cholesterolCholesterol胆固醇 · Cholesterol/kəˈlɛstərɒl/一种脂质分子,是细胞膜、类固醇激素和胆汁酸的必需成分;因不溶于水,需由脂蛋白在血液中运输。A lipid molecule essential for cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids; being water-insoluble, it must be transported in the blood by lipoproteins.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootschole-胆汁(最早从胆结石中分离) · bile希腊语 kholē 胆汁stere(o)-固体、坚硬 · solid/stiff希腊语 stereos 固体-ol醇(化学后缀,表示这是一种醇) · an alcohol (chemistry))的吸收,从而减少进入血液的胆固醇。[2]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

在定位上,《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》把"中等强度他汀 + 胆固醇吸收抑制剂(依折麦布)"作为 LDL-C 未达标时的 I 类推荐;指南还提到,近期在亚洲人群中的研究显示,对 ASCVD 患者而言,中等强度 他汀联合依折麦布相比高强度他汀,能让更多人达到 LDL-C 目标,且耐受性更好。[3]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934 换句话说,依折麦布常常是他汀不够时"加的第一味药"。

PCSK9 抑制剂:让肝脏"回收"更多 LDL 受体

要理解这类药,先认识一个蛋白:PCSK9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9PCSK9前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9型 · Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9PCSK9/ˌpiː siː ɛs keɪ ˈnaɪn/肝脏分泌的一种蛋白酶,会结合并促使 LDL 受体在细胞内被降解,从而减少肝脏对 LDL 的清除、升高血中 LDL-C;它是多种降脂新药的作用靶点。A liver-secreted protease that binds the LDL receptor and promotes its intracellular degradation, reducing hepatic LDL clearance and raising blood LDL-C; it is the target of several newer lipid-lowering drugs.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootspro-前体、在…之前 · before/precursor拉丁语 pro 在前protein蛋白质 · proteinconvertase转化酶(把前体切割成活性形式的酶) · an enzyme that converts a precursor to its active formsubtilisin/kexin该酶家族的两个原型成员(据此命名) · the two prototype members of this protease family it is named aftertype 9该家族第 9 号成员 · the 9th member of the family)。它由肝脏分泌,会结合肝细胞表面的 LDL 受体并促使其被降解——LDL 受体本是肝脏 "抓取"血中 LDL 的钩子,钩子被拆得越多,血里的 LDL-C 就越高。

PCSK9 抑制剂(PCSK9 inhibitorPCSK9 inhibitorPCSK9 抑制剂 · PCSK9 inhibitor/ˌpiː siː ɛs keɪ ˈnaɪn ɪnˈhɪbɪtər/一类通过阻断 PCSK9 来降 LDL 的药物;目前获批的两种(evolocumab、alirocumab)是注射用单克隆抗体,可让肝细胞保留更多 LDL 受体,从而大幅降低 LDL-C。A class of drugs that lower LDL by blocking PCSK9; the two approved agents (evolocumab, alirocumab) are injectable monoclonal antibodies that let liver cells keep more LDL receptors, sharply lowering LDL-C.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsPCSK9前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9型(被抑制的靶点) · the target protease that is inhibitedinhibitor抑制剂(阻断某作用的物质) · a substance that blocks an action拉丁语 inhibere 抑制)就是来对付它的。目前获批的两种 (evolocumab、alirocumab)是注射用的单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody),通过阻断 PCSK9 让 肝细胞表面保留更多 LDL 受体,从而增强对 LDL 的清除。[2]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 《中国血脂管理指南 (2023 年)》指出:当中等强度他汀联合依折麦布后 LDL-C 仍不达标时,可再联合 PCSK9 抑制剂;这类 药可使 LDL-C 下降约 50%–70%。[3]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

这里有一个和本课下半段相关的细节:欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(EAS)2022 年 Lp(a) 共识指出,PCSK9 抑制剂还能顺带降低脂蛋白(a)(lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)脂蛋白(a) · Lipoprotein(a)Lp(a)/ˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn eɪ/一种低密度脂蛋白(LDL)样颗粒,额外通过二硫键连接一个 apolipoprotein(a) 蛋白;血浆水平主要由遗传决定,一生中相对稳定。An LDL-like particle that additionally carries one apolipoprotein(a) molecule bound by a disulfide bond; plasma level is largely genetically determined and stable through life.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootslipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · protein希腊语 prōtos 第一/首要(a)载脂蛋白(a) 亚型标记 · the apo(a) variant由 LPA 基因编码,即 Lp(a))约 15%–30%。 [4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 但要强调:这只是它降 LDL 之外的一个"副产品",PCSK9 抑制剂并不是被 批准用来治疗高 Lp(a) 的药物,也没有证据表明"靠它降那点 Lp(a)"本身能带来额外的心血管获益。

inclisiran(英克司兰):一年两针的 siRNA

inclisiran(inclisiranInclisiran英克司兰 · Inclisiran/ɪnˈklɪsɪræn/一种靶向 PCSK9 信使 RNA 的小干扰 RNA(siRNA)药物,经 GalNAc 修饰被肝细胞摄取,降低 PCSK9 生成从而降 LDL-C;获批用于他汀基础上的加用治疗,维持期每 6 个月注射一次(一年两针)。A small interfering RNA (siRNA) drug that targets PCSK9 messenger RNA; GalNAc-conjugated for hepatocyte uptake, it lowers PCSK9 production and thereby LDL-C, and is approved as an add-on to statins with maintenance dosing every 6 months (twice yearly).)针对的也是 PCSK9,但用的是一种全新的"分子工具": 小干扰 RNA(small interfering RNAsiRNA小干扰 RNA · Small interfering RNAsiRNA/smɔːl ˌɪntərˈfɪərɪŋ ˌɑːr ɛn ˈeɪ/一段人工合成的双链 RNA,进入细胞后拆成单链、结合并沉默特定的目标信使 RNA,让对应蛋白“少造”一些(RNA 干扰);降脂药 inclisiran 与在研降 Lp(a) 药 olpasiran 都属此类。A synthetic double-stranded RNA that, once inside the cell, splits into single strands and binds and silences a specific target messenger RNA, so less of the corresponding protein is made (RNA interference); the lipid drug inclisiran and the investigational Lp(a) drug olpasiran are of this class.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootssmall小(分子短) · small (short molecule)interfering干扰(干扰基因表达) · interfering (with gene expression)RNA核糖核酸 · ribonucleic acid,即 siRNA)。它经 GalNAc 修饰后被肝细胞 摄取,进入细胞后沉默 PCSK9 的信使 RNA,让肝脏少造 PCSK9,从而降低 LDL-C;它于 2021 年 12 月获 FDA 批准,作为他汀基础上的加用治疗,维持期每 6 个月注射一次——也就是一年只需两针。 [5]Tier 3StatPearls Publishing et al. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Therapy. 2024https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580472/ 2023 年 AHA/ACC 指南也把 inclisiran 列为可选的辅助降脂药之一。

[1]Tier 1Virani, Salim S. et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168

不过要如实说明:该指南同时指出,对 inclisiran 这类较新的药物,长期的心血管结局数据尚未获得[1]Tier 1Virani, Salim S. et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168 也就是说,它降 LDL 的能力清楚,但"降事件"的长期证据还在积累。

bempedoic acid(贝派地酸):作用在他汀"上游"的口服药

bempedoic acid(bempedoic acidBempedoic acid贝派地酸 · Bempedoic acid/ˌbɛmpɪˈdoʊɪk ˈæsɪd/一种口服降脂药,是作用于胆固醇合成上游的 ATP 柠檬酸裂解酶(ACL)抑制剂;它是在肝脏被激活的前药,在骨骼肌中不活化,因而较少引起肌肉不适,常作为他汀不耐受者的替代选择。An oral lipid-lowering drug that inhibits ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), an enzyme upstream of cholesterol synthesis; it is a prodrug activated in the liver but not in skeletal muscle, so it causes fewer muscle symptoms and is often used as an alternative for statin-intolerant patients.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsbempedoic该药的通用名词根(国际非专利药名) · the drug's invented generic (INN) stemacid · acid拉丁语 acidus 酸的)是一种口服降脂药,作用靶点是胆固醇 合成通路上游的 ATP 柠檬酸裂解酶(ATP-citrate lyase,ACL)。它是一种前药,在肝脏被激活,而 在骨骼肌中不活化——正因如此,它较少引起肌肉相关不适,常被用作他汀不耐受者的替代选择。 [6]Tier 3StatPearls Publishing et al. Bempedoic Acid. 2024https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594232/ 2023 年 AHA/ACC 指南同样把它列为可在特定人群中加用的辅助药物,并 同样提醒:这类较新药物的长期心血管结局数据尚未获得。[1]Tier 1Virani, Salim S. et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168

一个重要澄清:以上都不是"降 Lp(a) 的药"

把上面几种药放在一起,规律很清楚:它们的主战场是 LDL 胆固醇,背后都指向含载脂蛋白B (apolipoprotein BapoB载脂蛋白B · Apolipoprotein BapoB/ˌæpoʊˌlaɪpoʊˈproʊtiːn biː/每个致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白颗粒(LDL、VLDL、Lp(a)等)上各携带一个的结构蛋白;apoB 浓度反映致病颗粒总数,是比 LDL-C 更直接的风险指标。The structural protein present as exactly one copy per atherogenic lipoprotein particle (LDL, VLDL, Lp(a), etc.); apoB concentration reflects the total number of atherogenic particles and is a more direct risk marker than LDL-C.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsapo-载(脱辅基蛋白)、来自/衍生 · the protein moiety; from/derived希腊语 apo 离开/由…而来lipo-脂、脂肪 · fat希腊语 lipos 脂肪protein蛋白质 · proteinBB 型(区分 apoA、apoE 等) · class B,即 apoB)的致动脉粥样硬化颗粒。对高 Lp(a) 的人来说,这一点尤其要分清:

  • 他汀并不能降 Lp(a)——EAS 2022 共识指出,他汀甚至可能略微升高 Lp(a) 水平,但这不是停用他汀的 理由。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361
  • PCSK9 抑制剂能把 Lp(a) 降约 15%–30%,但如前所述,它并非获批的降 Lp(a) 疗法。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

真正"针对 Lp(a)"的专门药物,是另外一类东西,且目前都还在研究阶段。

针对 Lp(a) 的在研疗法:现状与边界

这是本课最需要"实事求是"的部分。截至所引用来源,尚无任何获批的、专门降 Lp(a) 且已被证明能减少 心血管事件的药物。 EAS 2022 共识明确写道:在缺乏获批的特异性降 Lp(a) 药物的情况下,建议先积极 管理其他危险因素。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361《中国血脂管理指南(2023 年)》也指出,针对 Lp(a) 以 降低心血管结局为终点的大型临床研究"正在进行中"。[3]Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2023doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934

目前处于**在研(investigational,临床试验阶段)**的代表性药物有两类:

  • pelacarsen:一种反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotideASO反义寡核苷酸 · Antisense oligonucleotideASO/ˈæntiˌsɛns ˌɒlɪɡoʊˈnuːkliətaɪd/一段人工合成的短核酸链,序列与某个目标基因的信使 RNA 互补(“反义”),结合后可阻断该 mRNA 的翻译或促使其降解,从而“关小”对应蛋白的产量;降 Lp(a) 的在研药 pelacarsen 即属此类。A short synthetic strand of nucleic acid whose sequence is complementary ('antisense') to a target gene's messenger RNA; by binding it, the ASO blocks translation or promotes degradation of that mRNA, turning down production of the corresponding protein. The investigational Lp(a)-lowering drug pelacarsen is of this class.🧩 词根拆解 / word rootsanti-反、对抗 · against/opposite希腊语 anti 对抗sense(有)义链(指编码方向的链) · the coding-direction strandoligo-少量、寡(几个) · few/a small number希腊语 oligos 少nucleotide核苷酸(核酸的基本单位) · the building block of nucleic acids, 即 ASO),通过结合并"关小" apo(a) 的信使 RNA 来减少 Lp(a) 的生成。EAS 2022 共识报告,在试验中 它可使 Lp(a) 下降约 72%–80%。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361
  • olpasiran:一种小干扰 RNA(siRNA),在试验中可使 Lp(a) 下降约 71%–97%。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

请务必注意区分两件事:"能把 Lp(a) 这个数字降下来",与**"能因此减少心梗、卒中等事件"**,并不是 一回事。后者还需要专门的心血管结局试验(cardiovascular outcomes trial)来回答。EAS 2022 共识指出, 针对 ASCVD 且 Lp(a) 升高患者的 Lp(a)HORIZON 结局试验的数据仍在等待中,其结果对判断"降 Lp(a) 能否转化为临床获益"至关重要。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 因此,在这些试验读出结果之前,任何把在研 药物说成"已证实能防心梗、能治瓣膜"的说法都是不成立的。

那么,高 Lp(a) 的人现在能做什么

务实的答案不在"等某种神药",而在把能控的先控好:知道自己的 Lp(a) 与 LDL-C 数值,按医嘱把 LDL-C 等 apoB 类风险、血压、吸烟等可改变因素管理到位——这正是 EAS 2022 共识在没有特异性药物时 所强调的策略。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

对于极少数 Lp(a) 极高、且在其他危险因素已获最佳治疗下 ASCVD 仍进展的患者,EAS 2022 共识提到可 考虑脂蛋白血浆置换(lipoprotein apheresis)——一种类似"血液透析"、体外滤除含 apoB 脂蛋白 (包括 Lp(a))的疗法;不过共识说明其获益证据来自非对照数据。[4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361 是否适用、 何时进行,属于专科医生的个体化判断。

一句话收束:非他汀降脂药(依折麦布、PCSK9 抑制剂、inclisiran、bempedoic acid)主要用于把 LDL 降得更低、更稳;而真正"对着 Lp(a) 下手"的药还在路上——值得期待,但今天还不能当作已经证实的治疗 去依赖。

各类降脂药作用靶点地图 / Where each drug acts

图 · 各类药物的作用位置:依折麦布→肠道胆固醇吸收,他汀/bempedoic acid→肝内胆固醇合成,PCSK9 抑制剂/inclisiran→增加肝 LDL 受体;在研(INVESTIGATIONAL)降 Lp(a) 药 pelacarsen/olpasiran→肝内 apo(a) 生成,尚无证据证明减少心血管事件。[2]Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 [4]Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal 2022doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361

⚕️ 本内容仅供健康科普与学习,用药与临床试验参与请遵医嘱,不能替代专业医疗建议。

参考文献 / References

  1. Tier 1Virani, Salim S. et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation (2023) · doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168
  2. Tier 1Mach, Francois et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal (2020) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
  3. Tier 1Joint Committee for the Development of Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Blood Lipids et al. 2023 Chinese guideline for lipid management (English full text). Frontiers in Pharmacology (2023) · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1190934
  4. Tier 1Kronenberg, Florian et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. European Heart Journal (2022) · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361
  5. Tier 3StatPearls Publishing et al. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Therapy (2024) · link
  6. Tier 3StatPearls Publishing et al. Bempedoic Acid (2024) · link